United Colonies of America
September 5, 1774 to July 1, 1776
Chronology
September 5, 1774
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October 22, 1774
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October 22, 1774
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October 26, 1774
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May 20, 1775
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May 24, 1775
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May 25, 1775
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July 1, 1776
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September 1774
September 5, 1774 (Monday):
The First Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia. Delegates from twelve
colonies (all except Georgia) meet at Carpenter's Hall to address growing
tensions with Britain. Peyton Randolph of Virginia is elected President of the
Congress, and Charles Thomson of Pennsylvania is chosen as Secretary. The
credentials of the delegates from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,
and South Carolina are read and approved. The Congress aims to discuss the
grievances against British policies and plan a collective response.
September 6, 1774 (Tuesday):
Richard Henry Lee, a delegate from Virginia, arrives and attends the session.
The Congress adopts rules of order to govern its proceedings, ensuring orderly
debate and decision-making. It is agreed to begin each session with prayers,
and Reverend Jacob Duché of Philadelphia is invited to officiate. Thomas
Johnson, Jr., from Maryland, also attends for the first time.
September 7, 1774 (Wednesday):
Congress appoints a committee to draft a statement of the rights of the
colonies, document the violations of those rights by British policies, and
propose measures to restore them. Another committee is tasked with examining
British statutes affecting colonial trade and manufacturing, to identify how
those laws have harmed the colonies. Peyton Randolph, as President, is given
the authority to adjourn Congress from day to day when no business is under
consideration.
September 12, 1774 (Monday):
Matthew Tilghman, a delegate from Maryland, arrives to participate in the
sessions. Congress continues to deliberate over colonial grievances and discuss
the best way to approach negotiations with Britain, while still avoiding an
outright call for independence.
September 14, 1774 (Wednesday):
William Hooper and Joseph Hewes, delegates from North Carolina, arrive, as does
Henry Wisner from Orange County, New York. George Ross from Pennsylvania and
John Alsop from New York also join the sessions. Delegates from Massachusetts
present a report on the proceedings of a recent meeting held by committees from
the towns of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, which had convened at Concord in
late August to oppose the Intolerable Acts imposed by Britain.
September 17, 1774 (Saturday):
Richard Caswell from North Carolina joins the Congress. The resolutions passed
by Suffolk County, Massachusetts, on September 6 (known as the Suffolk
Resolves) are presented to Congress. The Suffolk Resolves denounce the
Intolerable Acts and call for the colonies to resist British rule. Congress
votes to approve the Suffolk Resolves, signaling strong support for
Massachusetts in its confrontation with British authority. It also recommends
that contributions from all colonies continue to provide relief to the people
of Boston, suffering under the British-imposed blockade.
September 19, 1774 (Monday):
Congress refers the Suffolk Resolves to the committee appointed to state the
rights of the colonies. This committee continues its work to articulate the
specific rights the colonies believe are being violated and how they will
defend them.
September 22, 1774 (Thursday):
Congress issues a recommendation to merchants in all colonies to cease placing
orders for goods from Britain, part of a larger plan to institute a boycott of
British imports. This is a significant step toward economic resistance. A
report from the committee on colonial rights is presented to the Congress and
read, and copies are made for distribution to the colonies.
September 24, 1774 (Saturday):
The report from the committee on colonial rights is considered by Congress, but
the delegates decide to limit their focus to specific rights infringed since
1763 (the end of the French and Indian War), postponing discussion of broader
American rights to a future date. A report on the infringements of American
rights is brought in by the committee, but consideration is deferred as
Congress shifts to deliberating on the means of restoring those rights.
September 26, 1774 (Monday):
John Herring from Orange County, New York, arrives and joins the proceedings.
Congress resumes its consideration of measures for restoring colonial rights,
focusing on nonviolent means of resistance to British policies, including
economic boycotts.
September 27, 1774 (Tuesday):
After further deliberation, Congress adopts a resolution prohibiting the
importation of all goods, wares, and merchandise from Great Britain or Ireland
after December 1, 1774, and any products imported after that date are banned
from use or sale in the colonies. This resolution is a key part of the broader
non-importation agreement.
September 28, 1774 (Wednesday):
A resolution is introduced by Joseph Galloway of Pennsylvania, declaring that
the colonies abhor the idea of becoming independent communities. Galloway also
presents his Plan of Union, which proposes a federal system where the
colonies would have a representative body that works with Parliament, while
remaining under British rule. This plan is debated as an alternative to
complete resistance.
September 29, 1774 (Thursday):
Congress continues to debate Galloway’s Plan of Union, but many delegates are
skeptical of any plan that would leave colonial autonomy too dependent on the
goodwill of the British government.
September 30, 1774 (Friday):
The debate on Galloway’s Plan of Union continues, but no final decision is
reached. Congress adopts a resolution banning the exportation of goods from the
colonies to Great Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies, effective September 1,
1775, unless the colonies' grievances are addressed before then. A committee is
appointed to prepare a plan to enforce the non-importation, non-consumption,
and non-exportation resolutions.
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| President Peyton Randolph |
October 1774
October 1, 1774 (Saturday):
Simon Boerum from Kings County, New York, attends for the first time. Congress
continues to consider the means of restoring colonial rights. A committee is
appointed to draft an address to King George III, requesting redress of the
colonies' grievances.
October 3, 1774 (Monday):
Instructions are given to the committee drafting the address to the King.
Congress discusses what should be included in the address, particularly which
colonial grievances to emphasize.
October 4, 1774 (Tuesday):
Congress continues to deliberate on the content of the address to the King,
seeking a balance between asserting colonial rights and expressing loyalty to
the Crown.
October 5, 1774 (Wednesday):
The discussion on the address to the King continues, and instructions are given
to the committee on the address. Congress also receives an address from William
Goddard, a publisher and supporter of colonial rights.
October 6, 1774 (Thursday):
Congress resumes consideration of means to restore American rights, with a
letter from the Boston Committee of Correspondence laid before Congress. This
letter highlights the dire situation in Massachusetts and urges Congress to
take further action. Congress agrees to consider the letter the following day.
October 7, 1774 (Friday):
The letter from the Boston Committee of Correspondence is considered. A
committee is appointed to draft a letter to British General Thomas Gage, who
was enforcing the Intolerable Acts in Massachusetts. This letter seeks to
address growing tensions in the colony.
October 8, 1774 (Saturday):
Congress further considers the letter from Boston and approves the opposition
of Massachusetts inhabitants to the recent Parliamentary Acts. Congress
declares that if these acts are enforced by military force, all of America
should come to Massachusetts’ defense.
October 10, 1774 (Monday):
Congress continues its deliberations on the letter from Boston and discusses
the possible evacuation of the people of Boston. They agree that if the people
are forced to leave, they should be recompensed by all of America for their
losses. Congress also advises Massachusetts residents to cease administering
justice under British laws and to detest anyone who accepts authority under the
new Parliamentary Acts.
October 11, 1774 (Tuesday):
Congress drafts a letter to General Gage, advising the people of Boston to act
peacefully toward British troops. A committee is appointed to prepare a
memorial to the people of British America and an address to the people of Great
Britain.
October 12, 1774 (Wednesday):
A plan for enforcing the Non-Importation, Non-Consumption, and Non-Exportation
Agreements is presented by the committee, as Congress continues to deliberate
on the rights and grievances of the colonies.
October 13, 1774 (Thursday):
The consideration of colonial rights and grievances continues, as Congress
refines its strategy for resisting British policies and unifying the colonies
around common goals.
October 14, 1774 (Friday):
Congress adopts resolutions formally declaring the rights and grievances of the
colonies. These resolutions outline the specific rights the colonies claim and
the violations committed by the British government since 1763. A letter from
gentlemen in Georgia is read, discussing the situation in that colony.
October 15, 1774 (Saturday):
The Plan of Association is further considered. This plan outlines how the
colonies will collectively enforce the boycott of British goods and work
together to resist British policies.
October 17, 1774 (Monday):
John Dickinson of Pennsylvania joins the proceedings. Congress continues to
refine the Plan of Association, which becomes a key document of collective
colonial resistance.
October 18, 1774 (Tuesday):
The Plan of Association is amended and ordered to be transcribed for signing by
all members. The association pledges the colonies to enforce a boycott of
British goods. An address to the people of Great Britain is also presented to
Congress.
October 19, 1774 (Wednesday):
The address to the people of Great Britain is considered, amended, and
recommitted for further revision. A memorial to the inhabitants of the colonies
is also reported to Congress for consideration.
October 20, 1774 (Thursday):
The Plan of Association is read and signed by all members of Congress. This
marks a unified stance among the colonies to economically and politically
resist British policies. Congress also continues deliberation on the memorial
to the inhabitants of the colonies and considers other issues, including a
letter from Quebec.
October 21, 1774 (Friday):
Congress considers an address to the people of Great Britain and a memorial to
the inhabitants of the colonies. A committee is appointed to draft letters to
the people of Quebec, and other British colonies such as Nova Scotia and
Florida. Congress also resolves that any person in America who is seized and
transported beyond the sea for trial, as per British policy, should be defended
and that such actions should be resisted.
October 22, 1774 (Saturday):
Peyton Randolph, President of Congress, is unable to attend, and Henry
Middleton of South Carolina is elected as the new President. Congress receives
an address from Christopher Tully and orders its journals to be printed.
Congress also resolves that a second Continental Congress will be held on May
10, 1775, unless colonial grievances are redressed before that date.
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| President Henry Middleton Painting by Benjamin West |
October 24, 1774 (Monday):
Congress receives and debates an address to the people of Quebec, which is then
recommitted for further revision. The address to the King is also reported back
to Congress.
October 25, 1774 (Tuesday):
Congress approves the address to the King and orders it to be engrossed. The
address will be sent to the colonial agents in Britain, who are instructed to
present it to the King and seek the assistance of British noblemen who support
the cause of American liberty.
October 26, 1774 (Wednesday):
Congress finalizes the letter to the colonial agents and the address to the
people of Quebec. The final address to the King is reviewed, and the list of
colonial agents and delegates who attended Congress is compiled. Congress
resolves that any attempt to transport Americans for trial in Britain should be
met with resistance.
October 27, 1774 (Thursday):
Congress continues its final preparations and resolves additional procedural
matters before adjourning.
October 28, 1774 (Friday):
The delegates formally dissolve the First Continental Congress, agreeing to
reconvene on May 10, 1775, if their grievances are not addressed. This sets the
stage for continued colonial resistance and, ultimately, the escalation toward
revolution.
United Colonies of North America - 1775
May 1775
May 10, 1775 (Wednesday):
The Second Continental Congress convenes at the Pennsylvania State House
(Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, following the convening of the First
Continental Congress in 1774. Peyton Randolph is re-elected as President of the
Congress, and Charles Thomson is re-elected as Secretary. The Congress
immediately resumes discussions on how to respond to escalating tensions with
Britain, which had worsened following the Battles of Lexington and Concord in
April.
May 17, 1775 (Wednesday):
Congress resolves to ban exports to British colonies that refuse to join the
Continental Association. This resolution is aimed at colonies such as Canada
and some Caribbean territories that had not aligned with the growing colonial
resistance movement.
May 18, 1775 (Thursday):
News arrives at Congress of the successful capture of Fort Ticonderoga and
Crown Point by American forces led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold. These
strategic forts, taken on May 10 and 11, provided the Americans with
much-needed artillery for the war effort.
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| President John Hancock |
May 24, 1775 (Wednesday):
Peyton Randolph steps down as President of Congress to attend to his duties in
Virginia, and John Hancock of Massachusetts is elected as the new President of
the Continental Congress. Hancock was one of the wealthiest men in New England
and a prominent leader in the resistance movement.
May 26, 1775 (Friday):
Congress resolves to send a second petition to King George III, known as the Olive
Branch Petition, in a final attempt to avoid full-scale war. At the same
time, Congress instructs the colonies to prepare for defense, signaling that
the colonies should arm themselves and fortify against British attacks.
June 1775
June 1, 1775 (Thursday):
Congress resolves against launching any "expedition or incursion"
into Canada at this time, reflecting the still uncertain military situation and
reluctance to provoke Britain further without adequate preparation.
June 2, 1775 (Friday):
Congress receives a proposal from Massachusetts to take up civil government
independently of Britain, reflecting the colony’s desire to establish
governance as British authority collapses in New England. Massachusetts had
been operating under the Intolerable Acts, which had severely curtailed its
autonomy.
June 7, 1775 (Wednesday):
Congress resolves to observe July 20 as a day of fasting, humiliation, and
prayer, asking the colonies to seek divine guidance and protection in the
struggle for liberty.
June 9, 1775 (Friday):
Congress endorses Massachusetts' decision to assume civil authority,
effectively recognizing the provincial convention in Massachusetts as the de
facto government. This move allows Massachusetts to maintain order and
governance in the absence of British control.
June 10, 1775 (Saturday):
Congress resolves to create a Continental Army to defend the colonies against
British aggression. This decision marks the beginning of a unified colonial
military force.
June 15, 1775 (Thursday):
Congress appoints George Washington of Virginia as the commander in chief of
the Continental Army. Washington, who had military experience from the French
and Indian War, is chosen for his leadership qualities and to unify the
southern and northern colonies under a single military command.
June 22, 1775 (Thursday):
Congress resolves to emit $2 million in Continental currency to finance the war
effort. This is an essential step toward funding the nascent Continental Army
and sustaining the colonies' defense.
June 27, 1775 (Tuesday):
Congress approves an invasion of Canada, hoping to prevent British forces in
Canada from launching attacks on the colonies and to gain support from French
Canadians for the colonial cause.
July 1775
July 5, 1775 (Wednesday):
Congress approves the Olive Branch Petition, a final appeal to King
George III to intervene in Parliament and restore peace. The petition expresses
loyalty to the king but protests Parliament’s oppressive policies.
July 6, 1775 (Thursday):
Congress approves the Declaration on the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up
Arms, explaining to both the colonies and the world why the colonies had
taken up arms against Britain. The declaration argues that the colonies are
fighting in self-defense and are being forced into rebellion by British
oppression.
July 8, 1775 (Saturday):
Congress approves an address to the inhabitants of Great Britain, explaining
the colonies' grievances and justifying their actions. This address is meant to
win the sympathy of the British public and pressure Parliament to change its
policies.
July 12, 1775 (Wednesday):
Congress organizes three departments for managing Indian affairs, recognizing
the strategic importance of Native American alliances. These departments are
tasked with maintaining relations with Native American tribes in the northern,
middle, and southern regions.
July 21, 1775 (Friday):
Congress ignores Benjamin Franklin’s proposed Articles of Confederation,
which would have created a formal confederation of the colonies with a central
government. Congress was not yet ready to consider such a step toward
independence.
July 27, 1775 (Thursday):
Congress resolves to establish a system of military hospitals to care for the
sick and wounded soldiers in the Continental Army. This decision was crucial
for improving medical care and survival rates among troops.
July 31, 1775 (Monday):
Congress adopts a response to British Prime Minister Lord North’s Conciliatory
Resolution, which had offered some concessions to the colonies if they
would agree to raise revenue for the Crown. Congress rejects the resolution as
insufficient and continues to prepare for war.
August 1775
August 2, 1775 (Wednesday):
Congress adjourns for the summer, agreeing to reconvene on September 5. The
break allows delegates to return to their colonies to report on the proceedings
and assess local conditions.
September 1775
September 13, 1775 (Wednesday):
Congress reconvenes after the summer recess, with Georgia now fully represented
in Congress for the first time. This strengthens the unity of the colonies as
they move toward coordinated military and political action.
September 19, 1775 (Tuesday):
Congress appoints a Secret Committee to purchase military supplies abroad. This
marks a significant step toward securing foreign aid and weapons to support the
Continental Army’s operations.
September 22, 1775 (Friday):
Congress appoints a committee to consider the state of trade in America, as the
ongoing conflict with Britain disrupts commerce and colonial economies. The
committee is tasked with assessing how to manage trade and ensure supply lines
for both civilian and military needs.
September 27, 1775 (Wednesday):
Congress orders the publication of corrected journals to ensure the accuracy
and transparency of its proceedings. Publishing the journals is crucial for
keeping the public informed and fostering support for Congress’s actions.
September 29, 1775 (Friday):
Congress appoints a Committee of Conference to meet with General Washington and
leaders of New England to coordinate military efforts and address the urgent
needs of the Continental Army.
October 1775
October 3, 1775 (Tuesday):
Congress receives a proposal from Rhode Island to build an American fleet,
reflecting growing interest in establishing a Continental Navy to protect
American ports and disrupt British shipping.
October 5, 1775 (Thursday):
Congress recommends that General Washington intercept British supply ships.
This recommendation is part of a broader strategy to weaken British forces by
cutting off their access to provisions.
October 6, 1775 (Friday):
Congress recommends that provincial governments arrest any persons deemed a
danger to "the liberties of America." This directive aims to prevent
Loyalists and other enemies of the revolution from undermining the colonial
cause.
October 7, 1775 (Saturday):
Congress adopts a report on the fortification of the Hudson River, a
strategically important waterway that the British could use to divide the
colonies. Fortifying the Hudson River was crucial to protecting New York and
preventing British advances.
October 13, 1775 (Friday):
Congress resolves to fit out armed vessels, marking the formal establishment of
the Continental Navy. A Naval Committee is appointed to oversee the
construction and outfitting of ships, the first step toward challenging British
naval supremacy.
October 17, 1775 (Tuesday):
Congress appoints John Morgan as director general of hospitals, replacing
Benjamin Church, who had been arrested for corresponding with the British.
Congress also appoints a committee to estimate damages inflicted by British
military actions on colonial property and communities.
October 24, 1775 (Tuesday):
Congress adjourns to attend the funeral of Peyton Randolph, the first President
of the Continental Congress. Randolph had passed away in October, and his death
marked the loss of a prominent Virginia leader.
October 26, 1775 (Thursday):
Congress publishes a resolution authorizing the export of goods in exchange for
arms, recognizing the colonies' need for weapons to sustain the war effort.
This export strategy was crucial for securing foreign support.
October 30, 1775 (Monday):
Congress expands the authorization for the Continental Navy by increasing the
number of ships and appoints additional members to the Naval Committee. This
move strengthens the naval capacity of the colonies and signals the importance
of maritime warfare.
November 1775
November 1, 1775 (Wednesday):
Congress reaffirms the general embargo on exports, extending the embargo
explicitly to March 1, 1776. Congress also commends provincial authorities for
ignoring British parliamentary trade exemptions designed to divide the
colonies.
November 2, 1775 (Thursday):
Congress appoints a committee to the north to confer with General Philip
Schuyler, the commander of American forces in the northern theater. Congress
also receives a report from the Committee of Conference, which had met with
General Washington.
November 3, 1775 (Friday):
Congress recommends the formation of a new provincial government in New
Hampshire, similar to its earlier recommendation for Massachusetts. This
reflects the broader breakdown of British authority in the colonies.
November 4, 1775 (Saturday):
Congress adopts resolutions for reconstituting General Washington’s army in
Massachusetts and for the defense of South Carolina and Georgia, both of which
were facing the threat of British attacks.
November 9, 1775 (Thursday):
Congress adopts a new oath of secrecy for its members to protect sensitive
military and diplomatic discussions. Congress also publishes a report that the
king had refused to receive the Olive Branch Petition, signaling the end
of hopes for reconciliation.
November 10, 1775 (Friday):
Congress adopts a plan to promote the manufacture of saltpetre, a key
ingredient in gunpowder, and orders the enlistment of the first two battalions
of Continental Marines, marking the establishment of the Continental Marines
(now the U.S. Marine Corps).
November 13, 1775 (Monday):
Congress orders the publication of new "Rules and Regulations" for
the Continental Army, providing a formal code of conduct for soldiers and
officers.
November 15, 1775 (Wednesday):
Congress receives news of the American victory at Fort St. Johns in Canada, a
key strategic point on the route to Montreal, which boosts morale among the
delegates.
November 16, 1775 (Thursday):
Congress adopts resolves to improve delegate attendance, addressing concerns
about absenteeism during critical discussions. Congress also adopts regulations
for the treatment of prisoners of war.
November 22, 1775 (Wednesday):
Congress authorizes exemptions to the export ban for Bermuda, recognizing the
island’s unique strategic importance in the Atlantic trade network.
November 23, 1775 (Thursday):
Congress adopts resolves to improve peaceful relations with the Six Nations of
the Iroquois Confederacy, aiming to secure Native American neutrality or
support in the war.
November 25, 1775 (Saturday):
Congress adopts regulations for prize cases, outlining how captured enemy ships
and their goods should be handled. This helps to formalize the rules of naval
warfare and privateering.
November 28, 1775 (Tuesday):
Congress adopts "Rules for the Regulation of the Navy of the United
Colonies," establishing a formal legal framework for naval operations.
Congress also adopts measures for the defense of North Carolina, which was
facing British military threats.
November 29, 1775 (Wednesday):
Congress appoints a Committee of Secret Correspondence to handle foreign
diplomatic and intelligence matters. It also resolves to emit $3,000,000 in
Continental currency to continue funding the war effort. News of the capture of
Montreal by American forces is also received.
December 1775
December 2, 1775 (Saturday):
Congress sends Benjamin Harrison to Maryland to promote the defense of the
Chesapeake Bay, a critical area for trade and military logistics.
December 4, 1775 (Monday):
Congress recommends the formation of a new provincial government in Virginia,
similar to the new governments established in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Congress also appoints a committee to dissuade the New Jersey Assembly from
separately petitioning the king, urging unity among the colonies.
December 6, 1775 (Wednesday):
Congress publishes a response to King George III’s August 23 proclamation,
which had declared the colonies in a state of rebellion. This response
reinforces the colonies’ grievances and their determination to resist British
rule.
December 8, 1775 (Friday):
Congress resolves to confine John Connolly, a Loyalist conspirator who had been
plotting with British Governor Lord Dunmore to attack western Virginia. This
resolution highlights Congress’s growing concern about internal threats from
Loyalists.
December 13, 1775 (Wednesday):
Congress authorizes the construction of 13 ships for the Continental Navy, a
significant expansion of naval forces aimed at defending American ports and
disrupting British supply lines.
December 14, 1775 (Thursday):
Congress appoints the Marine Committee, which will oversee naval operations,
shipbuilding, and the recruitment of sailors for the Continental Navy.
December 15, 1775 (Friday):
Congress receives a plan for creating a committee that will continue to sit
during the recess of Congress, ensuring that governance and military decisions
can be made even when Congress is not in session.
December 20, 1775 (Wednesday):
Congress recommends a cessation of hostilities between Connecticut and
Pennsylvania settlers in the Wyoming Valley, where a long-standing territorial
dispute was threatening to destabilize the region.
December 22, 1775 (Friday):
Congress authorizes an attack on British forces in Boston and appoints Esek
Hopkins as the commander in chief of the Continental Navy.
December 26, 1775 (Tuesday):
Congress adopts a plan for the redemption of Continental bills of credit,
ensuring the financial stability of the Continental currency.
December 29, 1775 (Friday):
Congress adopts resolutions for importing and manufacturing salt, a critical
commodity for preserving food and maintaining army provisions.
December 30, 1775 (Saturday):
Congress recommends that the Secret Committee negotiate with Pierre Penet and
Emanuel de Pliarne, French arms dealers, to secure European arms and ammunition
for the Continental Army. This is an important step toward securing foreign
aid.
Journals of the Continental Congress
United Colonies of North America - 1776
January 1776
January 1, 1776 (Monday):
The Continental Congress recommends the reduction of St. Augustine, Florida.
This initiative was part of broader military plans to secure southern colonies
by removing British strongholds in East Florida, which posed a threat to the
southern colonies. St. Augustine was a key British garrison and the center of
loyalist operations in the region.
January 3, 1776 (Wednesday):
Congress recommends the quarantine of Queens County, New York, for its refusal
to send deputies to the New York Convention. The county was seen as a hotbed of
loyalist sentiment, and the quarantine was intended to isolate the area and
prevent the spread of loyalist influence.
January 6, 1776 (Saturday):
Congress adopts regulations for the division of marine prizes. These
regulations outlined how captured enemy vessels and their cargoes would be
distributed among the captors. The move incentivized privateers and naval
forces to capture British ships, providing both economic and military benefits
to the American war effort.
January 8, 1776 (Monday):
Congress orders reinforcements to be sent to Canada in support of the ongoing
campaign there. On the same day, Congress receives news of two significant
events:
- The
King's speech from the throne, delivered on October 27, 1775, where King
George III declared the colonies in rebellion and vowed to crush the
uprising.
- The
destruction of Norfolk, Virginia, which occurred on January 1, 1776.
British forces and loyalist militias set fire to the city, causing
extensive damage as part of their efforts to suppress the rebellion in the
southern colonies.
January 11, 1776 (Thursday):
Congress resolves that anyone refusing to accept Continental currency
"shall be... treated as an enemy of his country." This resolution
underscored the importance of establishing and maintaining the legitimacy of
Continental currency, as the Congress sought to finance the war effort without
relying on British currency.
January 16, 1776 (Tuesday):
Congress limits black recruitment to the reenlistment of "free negroes who
have served faithfully in the army at Cambridge." This decision came in
response to a growing debate over whether to enlist black soldiers in the
Continental Army. The reenlistment of free black soldiers who had already
proven their loyalty was seen as a compromise in a politically sensitive issue.
January 17, 1776 (Wednesday):
Congress receives devastating news of General Richard Montgomery’s defeat at
the Battle of Quebec, which occurred on December 31, 1775. Montgomery was
killed in the assault, and the American forces were forced to retreat. In
response, Congress appoints a committee to prepare regulations for opening
American ports on March 1, 1776, signaling the importance of maritime trade and
communication during the war.
January 19, 1776 (Friday):
In reaction to General Montgomery's defeat at Quebec, Congress orders
additional reinforcements to be sent to Canada. The goal was to maintain
pressure on British forces in the north despite the loss and continue
supporting the campaign in the region.
January 24, 1776 (Wednesday):
Congress orders the publication of a public statement regarding the repulse at
Quebec. Additionally, a new "Letter to the Inhabitants of the Province of
Canada" is ordered, encouraging Canadians to continue supporting the
American cause, despite the setback at Quebec.
January 25, 1776 (Thursday):
Congress orders the preparation of a monument and the delivery of a funeral
oration in tribute to the memory of General Richard Montgomery. His death at
Quebec made him a martyr for the cause of independence, and Congress sought to
honor his sacrifice.
January 26, 1776 (Friday):
A committee is appointed "to repair to New York, to consult and advise...
respecting the immediate defense of the said city." With New York seen as
a key strategic location, Congress prioritized fortifying the city against
possible British attacks.
January 27, 1776 (Saturday):
Congress directs the Secret Committee to import goods for the use of the
commissioners of Indian affairs. These goods were intended to "preserve
the friendship and confidence of the Indians," ensuring that Native
American tribes would remain neutral or aligned with the American cause rather
than siding with the British.
January 31, 1776 (Wednesday):
Congress forbids the enlistment of prisoners of war. This decision aimed to
prevent British or Hessian prisoners from joining the Continental Army,
ensuring the security and integrity of American forces.
February 1776
February 5, 1776 (Monday):
Congress recommends that additional efforts be made to instruct and convert
Native Americans. This likely refers to a push for missionary work aimed at
gaining the support of Indigenous tribes or at least ensuring their neutrality
in the conflict with Britain, recognizing the strategic importance of Native
alliances during the war.
February 13, 1776 (Tuesday):
Congress exempts inter-colonial trade in naval stores (such as timber, tar, and
pitch, essential for shipbuilding) from the broader trade restrictions imposed
by the war effort. Congress also tables a draft of an "address to the
inhabitants of these Colonies," likely a public message to unite and rally
the colonial population around the revolutionary cause.
February 15, 1776 (Thursday):
Congress appoints a committee to proceed to Canada to promote support for the
American cause. The goal was to encourage Canadians, particularly French
Canadians, to join the revolution and resist British rule after the failed
American invasion of Quebec.
February 17, 1776 (Saturday):
Congress appoints the Treasury Committee and resolves to emit an additional $4
million in Continental currency to finance the war. Additionally, Congress
appoints General Charles Lee to command American forces in Canada, following
General Montgomery's defeat in Quebec.
February 23, 1776 (Friday):
Committees are appointed to promote the domestic manufacture of firearms, and
the production of essential military supplies such as saltpeter, sulfur, and
gunpowder. These were critical to the war effort as the colonies had limited
access to European markets.
February 26, 1776 (Monday):
Congress prohibits the sailing of vessels loaded for Great Britain, Ireland, or
the British West Indies. This action was part of the economic warfare against
Britain, preventing goods from reaching British-controlled areas.
February 27, 1776 (Tuesday):
Congress establishes separate military departments for the middle and southern
colonies. This reorganization aimed to streamline military command and improve
coordination in different regions of the war.
February 29, 1776 (Thursday):
Congress receives a letter from General George Washington regarding Lord
Drummond’s peace mission. Drummond, a British nobleman, had sought to mediate a
peace between the colonies and Britain, but his efforts were not officially
recognized by Congress.
March 1776
March 1, 1776 (Friday):
Congress appoints General Charles Lee to command the southern department. This
appointment was part of the effort to bolster defenses in the southern
colonies, which were seen as vulnerable to British attacks.
March 2, 1776 (Saturday):
The Committee of Secret Correspondence appoints Silas Deane as the American
agent to France, charged with handling both commercial and political matters.
This marked a significant step in securing French support for the American
cause.
March 4, 1776 (Monday):
Congress removes the sailing ban on vessels loaded for Great Britain, Ireland,
or the British West Indies, provided they intended to import arms and
ammunition. This exception aimed to acquire essential supplies for the war
effort.
March 6, 1776 (Wednesday):
General John Thomas is appointed to command the American forces in Canada,
replacing the late General Montgomery. Thomas was tasked with continuing the
campaign to secure Canada for the revolution.
March 9, 1776 (Saturday):
Congress appoints a committee to study the "state of the colonies in the
southern department." This was an important assessment of the military and
political situation in the southern colonies, which were facing increasing
British pressure. On the same day, Congress denies military officers the
authority to impose test oaths, which were designed to secure loyalty but were
seen as potentially divisive.
March 14, 1776 (Thursday):
Congress adopts resolutions on defending New York and disarming the
"notoriously disaffected" in all the colonies. This was an effort to
strengthen military defenses and deal with loyalist elements threatening the
revolutionary cause.
March 16, 1776 (Saturday):
Congress declares May 17, 1776, to be a "day of humiliation, fasting, and
prayer," urging colonists to seek divine guidance and support in the
revolutionary struggle.
March 20, 1776 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts instructions for the commissioners who had been appointed to
travel to Canada. These instructions likely detailed how the commissioners were
to promote the American cause among Canadians, particularly French Canadians.
March 23, 1776 (Saturday):
Congress adopts a declaration and resolutions on privateering, effectively
authorizing American privateers to seize British ships as lawful prizes. This
was an important economic and military tactic to weaken British trade and
support the American war effort.
March 25, 1776 (Monday):
Congress adopts a report on augmenting the defenses of the southern department.
This was part of ongoing efforts to protect the southern colonies from British
incursions, particularly in key areas like South Carolina and Georgia.
March 27, 1776 (Wednesday):
Congress attends the funeral of Samuel Ward, a delegate from Rhode Island who
had died while serving in the Continental Congress. His death was a significant
loss for the revolutionary leadership.
April 1776
April 1, 1776 (Monday):
Congress establishes the Treasury Office, a key step in managing the finances
of the fledgling nation. This office was tasked with overseeing the fiscal
responsibilities of Congress, including issuing currency and financing the war
effort.
April 2, 1776 (Tuesday):
Congress commends General Washington and his troops for successfully conducting
the siege of Boston, which led to the British evacuation of the city on March
17, 1776. This marked one of the first major American victories of the war.
April 3, 1776 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts "Instructions" for privateers, providing guidelines
for the operation of private armed vessels commissioned to capture British
ships.
April 6, 1776 (Saturday):
Congress opens the trade of the colonies "to any parts of the world which
are not under the dominion of the [King of Great Britain]"—a major step
toward economic independence. On the same day, Congress also prohibits the
importation of slaves, marking an early stance against the slave trade.
April 11, 1776 (Thursday):
Congress delivers a speech to Captain White Eyes, a leader of the Delaware
Indians, in an effort to maintain alliances and ensure Native American
neutrality or support for the American cause during the conflict.
April 15, 1776 (Monday):
Congress urges the cultivation of harmony between the settlers from Connecticut
and Pennsylvania in the Wyoming Valley, a region fraught with territorial
disputes that threatened unity among the colonies.
April 16, 1776 (Tuesday):
Congress requests the Maryland Council of Safety to arrest Governor William
Eden, the last royal governor of Maryland, in order to prevent him from aiding
the British cause.
April 23, 1776 (Tuesday):
Congress appoints Continental "agents for prizes" in the several
colonies to manage the distribution of captured goods from British ships.
Additionally, the commissioners to Canada are instructed to publish an address
to the people of Canada, seeking their continued support for the American
cause.
April 29, 1776 (Monday):
Congress instructs a committee "to prepare a plan of an expedition against
Fort Detroit." Fort Detroit was a key British stronghold in the Great
Lakes region, and its capture was seen as critical to controlling the northwest
frontier.
April 30, 1776 (Tuesday):
Congress appoints the Indian Affairs Committee, tasked with managing relations
between the Continental Congress and Native American tribes, crucial for
maintaining alliances and securing the frontier.
May 1776
May 6, 1776 (Monday):
Congress postpones prescribing procedures for receiving British peace
commissioners, rumored to be on their way to America. These commissioners were
part of an alleged British attempt to negotiate peace with the colonies.
However, Congress, focused on war preparations, decides to delay any formal
response. Additionally, Congress resolves to raise $10 million to fund the war
for the current year and appoints a "ways and means" committee to
explore how to raise this large sum, critical to the colonies' war effort.
May 9, 1776 (Thursday):
Congress resolves to emit an additional $5 million in Continental currency to
further support military operations. The increasing costs of the war led
Congress to issue more paper currency, though this move also contributed to
inflation.
May 10, 1776 (Friday):
Congress recommends that the colonies "adopt such government as shall, in
the opinion of the representatives of the people, best conduce to the happiness
and safety of their constituents." This important resolution encourages
colonies to establish their own governments, effectively laying the foundation
for self-governance independent of British rule.
May 15, 1776 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts a preamble to the May 10 resolution on establishing new
governments. This preamble declares the necessity of suppressing "the
exercise of every kind of authority" under the British crown, solidifying
the push for independence by encouraging colonies to completely sever ties with
royal authority.
May 16, 1776 (Thursday):
Congress formally requests that General George Washington come to Philadelphia
to consult on the upcoming military campaign. Washington’s presence is deemed
crucial as Congress prepares to strategize for future battles, particularly
regarding the defense of New York.
May 17, 1776 (Friday):
Congress adjourns to observe Fast Day, a day of national prayer and fasting
declared in response to the hardships of the war and to seek divine guidance
for the colonies.
May 21, 1776 (Tuesday):
Congress receives alarming news that King George III is negotiating to send
nearly 17,000 German mercenaries (Hessians) to America to suppress the
rebellion. This intelligence strengthens Congress's resolve to continue
fighting and bolsters calls for independence.
May 22, 1776 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts measures to bolster American forces in Canada, despite the
setbacks of the failed invasion of Quebec. Additionally, Congress resolves to
emit another $5 million in bills of credit to fund military operations,
reflecting the escalating costs of the war.
May 24, 1776 (Friday):
Congress begins consultations with Generals Washington, Horatio Gates, and
Thomas Mifflin on the forthcoming military campaign. The discussion centers on
preparing defenses, especially in New York, which was seen as a likely British
target.
May 25, 1776 (Saturday):
Congress resolves "that it is highly expedient to engage the Indians in
the service of the United Colonies." This resolution reflects the
strategic importance of Native American alliances in the war. Congress seeks to
recruit Native tribes to the American side, countering British efforts to win
Native support.
May 27, 1776 (Monday):
Congress holds an audience with deputies from the Six Nations (Haudenosaunee
Confederacy) to secure their neutrality or support in the conflict. On the same
day, Congress receives instructions directed to the North Carolina and Virginia
delegates regarding steps toward declaring independence. These southern
colonies were key to building consensus for independence.
June 1776
June 1, 1776 (Saturday):
Congress requests 6,000 militia reinforcements for the campaign in Canada. The
invasion of Canada had failed, but Congress was determined to support the
remaining American forces and resist British advances in the region.
June 3, 1776 (Monday):
Congress requests nearly 24,000 militia reinforcements for General Washington,
who was stationed in New York. British forces were expected to attack New York
soon, and Washington needed substantial reinforcements to prepare for the
defense of the city.
June 7, 1776 (Friday):
Richard Henry Lee of Virginia introduces his famous resolution calling for
independence, foreign alliances, and a confederation of the colonies. This
resolution is the first formal proposal for American independence, setting the
stage for the Declaration of Independence.
June 10, 1776 (Monday):
Congress postpones debate on Lee's resolution for independence to allow time
for delegates to gather instructions from their respective colonies. Meanwhile,
Congress appoints a committee to draft a declaration of independence in
preparation for the forthcoming debate.
June 11, 1776 (Tuesday):
Congress receives an Indian delegation seeking to confirm Native American
alliances or neutrality. At the same time, Congress receives a report from its
commissioners in Canada regarding the deteriorating military situation there.
June 12, 1776 (Wednesday):
Congress appoints two committees—one to draft "the form of a
confederation" and another to create "a plan of treaties to be
proposed to foreign powers." These steps are critical in preparing for
future governance and foreign diplomacy. Congress also creates the Board of War
and Ordnance to oversee military supplies and logistics.
June 14, 1776 (Friday):
Congress recommends "detecting, restraining, and punishing disaffected and
dangerous persons" in New York, a key battleground colony. Congress also
embargoes salt beef and pork, likely to preserve these critical food supplies
for the military.
June 17, 1776 (Monday):
Congress adopts a general reform of the forces in Canada, attempting to address
the significant setbacks in that theater of war. The situation in Canada had
been dire, with the failed American invasion leading to the withdrawal of
American forces.
June 19, 1776 (Wednesday):
Congress recommends the seizure and confinement of New Jersey’s royal governor,
William Franklin, the Loyalist son of Benjamin Franklin. This reflects the
growing split between Loyalists and Patriots, even within prominent families.
June 21, 1776 (Friday):
Congress orders an inquiry into the causes of the failures and
"miscarriages" in the Canadian campaign. This inquiry sought to
understand why the invasion had failed and how future efforts could be
improved.
June 24, 1776 (Monday):
Congress adopts important resolves on allegiance and treason, outlining
measures to punish those who remained loyal to Britain or acted against the
revolutionary cause. It also recommends that the colonies pass legislation to
punish counterfeiters, a serious problem threatening the Continental currency.
Congress suspends the enlistment of Mohegan and Stockbridge Indians, likely due
to strategic concerns about their participation in the war.
June 26, 1776 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts a bounty system to encourage soldiers to enlist for three-year
terms. This was part of the effort to build a more stable and reliable
Continental Army.
June 28, 1776 (Friday):
Congress reads the first draft of the Declaration of Independence, as drafted
by the committee appointed earlier in the month, signaling that the colonies
are on the verge of breaking away from Britain.
July 1776
July 1, 1776 (Monday):
Congress begins debating Richard Henry Lee’s Resolution of Independence. The
debate over the resolution is intense, as delegates from various colonies voice
their concerns, and a decision is nearing. Additionally, Congress resolves that
Brigadier Generals, acting in separate departments, should be allowed an
aide-de-camp for better management of their military responsibilities.
For students and teachers of U.S. history, this video features Stanley and Christopher Klos presenting America's Four United Republics Curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. Filmed in December 2015, this video is an informal recording by an audience member capturing a presentation attended by approximately 200 students, professors, and guests. To explore the full curriculum, [download it here].
September 5, 1774 | October 22, 1774 | |
October 22, 1774 | October 26, 1774 | |
May 20, 1775 | May 24, 1775 | |
May 25, 1775 | July 1, 1776 |
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781
July 2, 1776 | October 29, 1777 | |
November 1, 1777 | December 9, 1778 | |
December 10, 1778 | September 28, 1779 | |
September 29, 1779 | February 28, 1781 |
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789
March 1, 1781 | July 6, 1781 | |
July 10, 1781 | Declined Office | |
July 10, 1781 | November 4, 1781 | |
November 5, 1781 | November 3, 1782 | |
November 4, 1782 | November 2, 1783 | |
November 3, 1783 | June 3, 1784 | |
November 30, 1784 | November 22, 1785 | |
November 23, 1785 | June 5, 1786 | |
June 6, 1786 | February 1, 1787 | |
February 2, 1787 | January 21, 1788 | |
January 22, 1788 | January 21, 1789 |
United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) Sessions
USCA | Session Dates | USCA Convene Date | President(s) |
First | 03-01-1781 to 11-04-1781* | 03-02-1781 | |
Second | 11-05-1781 to 11-03-1782 | 11-05-1781 | |
Third | 11-04-1782 to 11-02-1783 | 11-04-1782 | |
Fourth | 11-03-1783 to 10-31-1784 | 11-03-1783 | |
Fifth | 11-01-1784 to 11-06-1785 | 11-29-1784 | |
Sixth | 11-07-1785 to 11-05-1786 | 11-23-1785 | |
Seventh | 11-06-1786 to 11-04-1787 | 02-02-1787 | |
Eighth | 11-05-1787 to 11-02-1788 | 01-21-1788 | |
Ninth | 11-03-1788 to 03-03-1789** | None | None |
* The Articles of Confederation was ratified by the mandated 13th State on February 2, 1781, and the dated adopted by the Continental Congress to commence the new United States in Congress Assembled government was March 1, 1781. The USCA convened under the Articles of Confederation Constitution on March 2, 1781.** On September 14, 1788, the Eighth United States in Congress Assembled resolved that March 4th, 1789, would be commencement date of the Constitution of 1787's federal government thus dissolving the USCA on March 3rd, 1789.
Philadelphia | Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774 | |
Philadelphia | May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776 | |
Baltimore | Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777 | |
Philadelphia | March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777 | |
Lancaster | September 27, 1777 | |
York | Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778 | |
Philadelphia | July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783 | |
Princeton | June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783 | |
Annapolis | Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784 | |
Trenton | Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784 | |
New York City | Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788 | |
New York City | October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789 | |
New York City | March 3,1789 to August 12, 1790 | |
Philadelphia | Dec. 6,1790 to May 14, 1800 | |
Washington DC | November 17,1800 to Present |
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202-239-1774 | Office
Dr. Naomi and Stanley Yavneh Klos, Principals
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